Things are starting to move now...

I took (and finished) one of my classes, which was a three day long management simulation. It was very interesting and I learned a lot about business and also about the very different styles of management that exist worldwide. When I realized that my American focus on making money for our shareholders was considered completely unimportant by our Japanese group member, it really threw me for a loop.

I've been listening to more music than I normally do. As you know from an earlier post, Bruce has been prominent in the mix. As usual I have also been listening to a lot of Weezer. Rivers Cuomo, their lead singer, was known for dating only Asian women before he found and married a Japanese woman. A lot of their songs reflect his obsession, most notably El Scorcho which leads off:

God-damn you half-Japanese girls, you do it to me every time.

Spending some time in Japan, it's not hard to see his point. The women here are very attractive, very petite, very thin. The only weak spot I've seen so far is the apparant British disregard for dental hygiene which pops up from time to time. I find it very strange that in Japan, a place where they have worked out the details of everything, someone forgot to flourinate the water.

So at least there are pretty women to look. Which is nice.

Sumo!

Jeremy and Bonnie headed to the sumo tournament Saturday and my plan was to meet up later. We thought that there would be tickets available in the afternoon, but that was not the case. So I took a few photos, had a brush with greatness when I very famous wrestler (I base this not on knowledge but on the roar of the crowd when he stepped out of his limo five feet away from me) and headed over to Akihabara to buy a router as I mentioned in the previous post.

Jeremy and Bonnie got in and liked it so much they wanted to go again. So on Sunday I sucked it up and set the alarm for 6:30, showered, ate breakfast and was out the door by 7am. I made it to Ryogoku Kokugikan by 7:30 and held a spot until tickets went on sale at 8:30.

Since the matches don't start right away, we headed over to McDonald's where I broke a month-long fast by ordering American fast food. No matter where you go, a McMuffin and hash brown taste the same. Well, unless you are in a country where pork is a no-no. Then probably not.

There were a couple of girls sitting next to us who were both passing out and nodding off all throughout their meal. We figured they were up all night partying. Little did we know we would see them inside Kokugikan.

After breakfast we entered the stadium and took advantage of the early hour to do some seat improvement. The best wrestlers don't fight until later in the day, so the arena is mostly empty early on and steadily fills up as the day goes on. Here is a sample fight:




After taking in a few matches from up close we noticed that the girls from McDonald's were sitting quite close to us and were still nodding off. Given how empty the stadium was and how many other people had simply stretched out to take a nap, we could not figure out for the life of us why she had not as well. Take a look:



After a few matches we went out to lunch. After reading about chanko nabe, the traditional stew of vegetables, meats and other ingredients I was very much looking to try some out. We found a place that served it and sat down for lunch. This setup cost about $12.00

















This is a a better picture of the stew. You cook it at the table on the burner provided.

















We wandered around a bit and found some other interesting things about. We stumbled upon what must have been the Sumo Walk of Fame as there were several statues like this one:


























We re-entered the stadium just before several of the higher-ranked wrestlers arrived and shot some pictures of them:






























I don't think the guy in the green hat is a big fan of non-Japanese sumo wrestlers

A while after we returned it was finally time for the top wrestlers to show their stuff. First they were presented to the crowd in their traditional aprons (this happened twice) and then the yokozuna came out in his own ceremony















And we hung around through the end to watch the yokozuna get his prize.















I have some more video on the way, I just need to set it to upload before I go to bed!

Late Night Groceries Rule

Thanks to Nikki, who sent me a fantastic primer on living cheap(er) in Japan, I've been able to reduce my food expense pretty significantly with little if any change to what I eat.

How, you might ask? Late night shopping.

Like the U.S., the grocery stores in Japan make sandwiches, sushi, rice wrapped in seaweed, sashimi, etc. They also have pre-packaged portions of beef, chicken, fish, etc.

Unlike the U.S. if they do not sell on the day they are made they are thrown away. The utter inability to find tupperware makes me thing that the Japanese do not eat leftovers.

To avoid losing all of their money they start marking down the price in the evening. By 10pm, everything is down to 30-50% off. That's when I swoop in.

Since I have no issue buying such items and eating them a day, maybe even two days later, I can make out like a bandit. I just went and bought some pre-made food for tomorrow as well as some tuna, chicken and beef that was marked down. The meats all went into the freezer to go into stir-fries and curries later this week.

I'm also developing a few tools to condition myself into buying less at the grocery store each visit. Generally I bring Y3000 and see how far I can make it last. I don't really have the space to store more food than that anyway, but habit is hard to break.

Between those items, boxed curries, and some cheap canned fruit I just bought I'm eating cheaper than I did when I got here and much, much healthier. If the scale in the shower room is to be believed I've already lost about a 15 lbs. I suspect it is a little less, but it is a good start just the same. We can start using the Waseda gym after October 4th. Once I get my schedule figured out I will map out a workout plan and finally begin get my fat ass back in shape.

Outside of Japanese (which I can study via my headphones while doing cardio) my courseload will be fairly light. That's the benefit of working myself to the bone last year. That should lead to plenty of time for exercise.

In other exciting news the internet in my room was installed today so I'm typing this up from the luxury of my dorm desk. I attempted to set up the router and managed to get pretty far, but all of the instructions are in Japanese and when I problem arose I was stumped. My buddy Dan is going to come by and take a look this week sometime. I think his combination of tech skills (during the school year he worked at the Geek Squad for Best Buy) and his Japanese language skills we can fix the problem and get Matt up and running via my recently purchased wireless router.

That required a trip to Yodabashi in Akihabara. Let me tell you this. If electricity runs it, you can buy it at Yodabashi. Eight stories of madness. It was a lot of fun!

One thing that is very similar between Brandeis and Waseda...

And I say in advance that I do not mean to offend here....but I know that I might. That is not my intent so please read on with that in mind.

I'm here at Waseda Hoshien (our dorm) on a Sunday night. We have no class. I spent the day at the sumo tournament being held here (which will be discussed in the next post.) When I returned I knocked on Matt's door, as he was supposed to go on a Tokyo tour and then get some info on the Drinking Party (that is what they called it) being held by the Waseda GSA for the exchange students.

Of course he couldn't drag himself out of bed and missed the meeting at 11am. Given that we do not know where the party is and are currently missing it. Good work, Matt! :)

So I figured I would head down to the computer lounge and check my email. The normal mix of nationalities and ethnicities is not present. Instead, it is me and all the Chinese students.

At Brandeis, many of us have noticed that the Chinese students tend to spend their social time almost exclusively with other Chinese students and rarely attended parties. And when one of them does come out and socialize, it often doesn't last. It is so noticable that we began to refer to them as the Chinese Mafia.

From what I have seen from the four Chinese students living on my floor, not much has changed after traveling 10,000 miles, and that it truly a shame. Many of us would love to learn what our fellow students think of America and share what we think (and think we know) about China and learn first hand if we are wrong or right. With few exceptions, this has not proved easy, and I believe an educational opportunity is lost as a result.

Given that it is not in my nature to bitch about things and then leave them alone, I'm going to do my best to crack the shell. Wish me luck!

Harajuku, Shibuya, and karaoke!

We met up with Dan tonight in Harajuku ("we" being myself, Matt and our Brandeis classmate Chia-Chi) and had curry for dinner and just checked out the exotically dressed girls of Harajuku. This the heart of the "cosplay" area where the girls will dress as characters from their favorite manga, videogames and TV shoes. It is interesting to say the least.

We found a great T-shirt that unfortunately is not sized for gaijin. In katakana it said "Nihon-go ga wakarimasen" which translates to "I don't understand Japanese." I might have to have one made for myself.

We then wandered one stop down the Yamanote line to Shibuya and had a few drinks at a bar, then decided we were sufficiently lubricated to sing karaoke. We had to convince Chia-Chi (who also goes by Candise) to come but she was probably the best singer of all of us. Actually there is no "probably" about it.

In addition to the several Japanese and Chinese songs that we heard from Dan and Candise the following tunes came up:

Carry On My Wayward Son
Karma Chameleon
Dope Nose
Don't Stop Believing
Heat of the Moment (Asia, of course)
Mr. Roboto
Mississippi Queen
I Will Follow
Sit On My Face

Crows

I think it is amusing that the crows here are just slightly different than they are in the States.

They are still crows. They are black, cunning as all heck and very bold. From what I have seen they also tend to be a bit larger here. OK, they are a LOT larger. Their beaks are a shaped a little differently and the "caw" does not quite sound the same as it does in the States. Not quite as shrill.

For some reason this reminds me again of Vincent Vega describing Amsterdam, where they have the same shit as they do in the U.S, but over there it is just a little different.

In Japan, a lot of things are a little different.

Shinjuku in the rain...

I headed down to Shinjuku today to visit one of the English-language bookstores and pick up some reading materials.

Shinjuku Station is huge. In Boston, the largest number of lines to cross at one station would be two. Three if you count the commuter rail. At Shinjuku Station eight subway lines meet and connect to each other. Two million people a day pass through one of its fifty entrances. For all intents and purposes it is an underground city within a city.

It is truly enormous, so it is no surprise that my guess as to the proper exit was not correct and I ended up on the opposite side of the station from where I wanted to be. It was raining, but I had my umbrella so this was not a problem.

Time for a small tangent on umbrellas. Everyone here uses them. Most often it is for the rain, but for many women it is also to protect themselves from the sun. Pale white skin is considered the ideal of feminine beauty. In some ways the exact opposite of the Western standard.

You are also expected to leave your umbrella in a drying rack when you enter most stores or buildings. That could never happen in most Western countries because the odds of your umbrella being there when you returned would be next to nil. In Japan, people regularly lose their wallets on the train, only to return to the station then next day to find that someone has turned it in at the ticket desk completely undisturbed, all money and credit cards still in place.

In Japan, even the criminals are organized (and can receive government pensions when they retire) and rarely stoop to petty crimes such as theft. The yakuza run the prostitution, extortion and gambling rackets. There is usually one outside of every pachinko parlor who will exchange your prize for yen.

Back to the story at hand

It was kind of cool that I did exit where I did emerge was preparing for some kind of festival. I don't know exactly what it is called, but there was a large mini-shrine, designed to be carried on the shoulders of several men, that was waiting to be picked up and marched around. I snapped a few pictures and went on my way, working my way through the main streets until I found the bookstore I was looking for, Kinokibuya. After deciphering that foreign books were on the seventh floor I made my way up and did some shopping. I picked up a Tokyo guide book, some kana and kanji guides and a few other books.

One was Dave Barry Does Japan, which I did not particularly enjoy. It seems that he came here simply to make fun of Japan. While he states his appreciation for many aspects of Japanese culture, it did not seem like he every gave himself the opportunity to appreciate and respect Japan for the differences it has with the West.

Another was Blink by Malcolm Gladwell, which I have just started. I'll offer an opinion on it once I have finished it.

Mercifully I tracked down a second hand book store that sells English books. I spend almost \10000 in Shinjuku. Since I have no television and all of the television available is in Japanese (which I do not yet understand) I am going to be reading a lot more than I did in my first year of school. Which is a good thing.

Here is a picture of a portable shrine that was being prepared to be walked around the streets of Shinjuku. The police had started blocking off streets when I arrived.















And here is a blurry picture of what might be Japan's next equivalent to the Backstreet Boys. They were performing to a crowd of about thirty girls, but it was an enthusiastic crowd. They even had the hand gestures and faux hip hop attitude going.

Shibuya and the smallest bar ever...

Last night we visited Shibuya for dinner and some drinks. Those of you familiar with Lost In Translation might remember this as the place where Scarlett Johansen sits in the Starbucks watching the throngs go by. It is the busiest pedestrian intersection in the world, and even at 10pm there were thousands of people passing through or entering Shibuya to party.

We ended up having pizza, which was quite good and not ridiculously expensive. Then we walked around a bit until our friend Dan spotted what he said was a bar on the second floor of a very narrow building. We made our way up the (of course) very narrow staircase and found a bar that had a seating capacity of maybe 10 people max. We know this because when we added our posse of five to the five people already there, the place was about as full as it could get.

Have a look:
















The parts you cannot see you can assume to be walls. My room at the dorm is almost bigger than this place. It even had a kitchen.

The bartender and the rest of the crowd was very friendly to a bunch of gaijin, so we might make this our regular hangout in Shibuya. As we learn more Japanese (or any Japanese as the case might be) I think our welcome will grow. The bartender enjoyed talking to my friend Dan, the one in our group who already speaks Japanese fluently.

Getting settled in Tokyo

We arrived in Tokyo on the 13th and immediately had a few adventures (Matt moreso than I.)

Matt had a box of clothes shipped via Fedex. They purposely held it at the airport with the idea that he would be able to pick it up when he arrived. Matt made these arrangements based on several false assumptions:

1. Fedex would be located in the passenger terminal
2. The average Japanese person speaks English.

As you might guess, neither is true. I sat in our arrival terminal for about an hour while Matt tried to fetch his box by walking over to the cargo terminal in the rain. He came back and declared he was not leaving the airport until he got his box, so I took the airport limo to our hotel at a cost of about $30.

Before doing so I used the toilet and got some food. As I sat down to eat two policemen approached me and politely asked to see my passport. My guess is that they were wondering why I'd spent the last two hours in the airport lobby. I explained to them the situation, which with my limited Japanese and there limited English was made clear. They thanked me for my time and let me be, so I finished my sandwich and hopped on the bus.

About two hours later Matt arrived. He was forced to hire a cab to take him around the airport since his box weighed in at about sixty lbs. After many stops at many different parts of the cargo terminal he claimed his box and proceeded to take a cab to the hotel. This cost about $300 (as I'd told him it would.)

That done, we crashed for the night and headed to our dorm the next day, which was only about a $10 cab ride away. The rooms are quite nice and the building we are living in is only a few years old. The rooms have a bed, desk, wardrobe and refrigerator as well as a toilet and sink. There is a shower, kitchen and laundry room right outside my door in the hall. A much nicer setup than I was expecting actually.

We did some grocery shopping to buy some staples in which I realized just how expensive fruit is in Japan (VERY.) I loaded up on rice, pasta, noodles, etc. Seems like this is going to be very similar to undergrad!

I also have two packages coming via Fedex, but I am having them sent here. We made a small mistake and listed the value of the contents as over $10,000. Given this they were held at customs. A woman from Fedex called me and I explained what had happened. They faxed over a form for me to complete, which I mailed to them yesterday. I got a call this morning telling me they had received the forms and that the boxes would be released next week. Since Monday is a holiday (in celebration of the elderly) I might not receive anything until Tuesday. Not a problem. I can survive until then. It will be nice to have my laptop though. Right now I'm using Matt's MacBook, which is very nice indeed.

On Thursday we met up in Akihabara with the other members of the Brandeis crew and went our for sushi. The damage was less than $30/person which is not that bad for sushi. I can't say we will eat like that too often, but it was damn good.

Last night I ate in. I had noodles and pork dumplings for lunch and made a chicken curry with rice and eggs for dinner. I figure the cheaper I eat during the week the more fun I can have on the weekends.

I have a few thousand pictures from my trip so far, most of which are crap. I'm uploading them all as we speak which is proving to be a long and tedious process. I will probably need a day or two more to finish the job and sort through everything before getting them ready to view. I managed to take a few good ones that will be worth the wait.

misconceptions about Hong Kong

A few misconceptions that we had about Hong Kong:

Misconception: There are lots of foreigners living there, especially Brits.
Truth: It is 96% Chinese, and there are more Americans living there than Brits at the moment.

Misconception: Dim Sum restaurants are everywhere.
Truth: We had a devil of a time tracking one down, and when we got there we found out it had moved and no one know where. So no dim sum for us! (Soup Nazi voice)

Misconception: In Hong Kong, we would not be subjected to the constant solicitations of Indian tailors/watch salesmen, etc as we were in Bangkok and Koh Samui.
Truth: It was just as bad, if not worse. Apparantly there is no escaping them anywhere in Southeast Asia

Misconception: Chinese residents of Hong Kong like westerners.
Truth: Not really. They don't particularly mind white westerners, though they generally refer to any foreigner as a "foreign devil." Apparantly they have a particular dislike for people with dark skin to the point where if one sits down on the subway, people will stand up rather than be touched by them.

Overall Hong Kong was quite impressive as a city. It's amazing how little land their is to build. It is very much like the mountains along the Pacific Coast Highway from Malibu up to Santa Barbara. Mountains diving right into the ocean. There is apparantly a lot of reclaimed land in Hong Kong, and more to come. The harbor is amazing and it is easy to see why it was such an important port.

We were also big fans of the public transportation too and from the airport. We told them at the airport where we were going, they told us to get off at a certain stop and take bus K4, which would drop us off at the door to the hotel. And sure enough it did.

On the way back, we were able to check our bags with a JAL employee at the train station. Very, very nice. I don't know if such an operation would be possible in the U.S. for security reasons (though I really don't see why not) but let me tell you, people would take notice.

Our time was brief in Hong Kong. We walked around a bit, took some photos from the Kowloon side of the harbor and took a trip to the top of Victoria Peak. Mercifully the observation deck was slightly lower than the cloud cover, so we got some excellent pictures of Hong Kong. Here are a few of them:















A statue of the Man (aka Bruce Lee) on the sidewalk near the harbor. It is the Hong Kong equivalent of the Hollywood Walk of Fame, except in Hong Kong there are no whores, IV drug users and petty thiefs to block the view.

Here are a few shots of the Hong Kong side of the harbor, take from the above mentioned walk of fame.
























































Here is some video shot off the observation desk at the top of Victoria Peak.


Enjoy!

Poets and storytellers

I decided to fire up my Dell Jukebox tonight for the first time since I landed in Bangkok. As I moved through my songs creating a new playlist I decided to stick mainly with American acts. It didn't start out that way, but about halfway through I realized everyone I had picked was American. From that point it became a conscious effort.

Since I started with Weezer and worked my way back up the list, Bruce Springsteen was one of the last names I came to. Mercifully I had loaded two of his live discs before I left, one of which contained the most exquisite version of Thunder Road I have ever heard. It is obviously the start of a concert in the 70s, and is also obviously in a small venue. The only things you hear are a harmonica, Bruce, piano, and ever so briefly a xylophone. It is perhaps the best live rendition of any song that I've ever listened to. The fact that it is one of Bruce's best song makes it even better. He is truly a poet and one of the great American songwriters.

What is funny is that Kully, Matt and I were discussing just that topic by the pool in Koh Samui last week. Well, in the pool. With plenty of beers to lube the conversation. We tried to settle on who we considered the three greatest American rock artists ever. I think we finally settled on Elvis, Bruce, and Dylan (in no order) while allowing that there is some room for argument.

In any case that discussion is what made me dig into my Bruce selections to see what gems I could find. I think I will be listening to the rest of those albums very soon.

While I can't say that I've felt homesick on this trip a little dose of Bruce let me close my eyes and drift back to America for a few brief minutes. The power of great music to evoke such feelings and flights of fancy never ceases to amaze me.

And to end, I say a small "thank you" to Bruce and all the other storytellers for telling their stories as well as they do. Because in doing so you tell all of our stories, and you do so more eloquently than we could ever hope to do. That's why we buy you records. That's why we made you famous.

The last few carefree days....

until it's time to get back to work. Here is how it will break down.

Matt and I flew back to Samui yesterday and will be working on our tans until the 11th, when we leave for Hong Kong. We will spend a day there then head to Tokyo on the 13th. It's likely that we will get there too late to check intot he dorm on the 13th, so we'll get a hotel room that night and check in the next morning.

Had a nice torrential downpour on Samui tonight for about an hour. We've really lucked out in terms of weather for this trip.

Here are some pictures.

I saw this guy on a tree. I am not sure which one of us saw the other first, but he did not back down until I took a step closer after taking this shot:



















This was my view at breakfast every morning:

Siem Reap departure...

I sit in the hotel restaurant awaiting my lunch as we prepare to leave siem reap. Our flight out is at 7:40pm so we will be ensconsed in the Ambassador by 9 or so.
Angkor wat was amazing. Matt and I made two trips. One in the morning to catch sunrise and one in the afternoon to explore Angkor Thom and Bayon. I plan to head back to Wat Po early tomorrow to reshoot some photos to make sure they were not lost to the flash card virus. Then matt and I will sort out our last week before heading to Japan.

Here is a picture looking out the back door of our room. In Cambodia, this costs about $25/night (with breakfast included)

Sunrise over Angkor Wat...

We got up at 4am this morning to get ready to meet our driver at 5am and head over to Angkor Wat. We got there in time to take some great photos of the sunrise.

I might have an issue with some of my earlier pictures. I think I mentioned that I deleted some of my earlier photos, but they were not a particular worry. It sucked, but I had taken pictures with my FZ-30 that were similar.

In order to clear up some space on my SD cards, I transfered several photos onto my 1gb flash drive to store them. I then attempted to upload them at Big John's. Big mistake. His computers were too slow, so I stopped. Now it appears they were too slow because of a virus. It infected my drive and has deleted all references to the files. However, the drive still shows as full so I think the information is still there. we are going to leave well enough alone for now and have my friend Dan work on it in Japan, or find a tech expert who can help us extract them.

I hope they are not lost, as I planned to submit one of the pictures I took in the Brandeis photo contest next spring. I'm thinking that some of the ones I took at Angkor Wat this morning are worthy as well. The only issue was that my lenses were all fogging up from the air conditioning of our car ride over so I had to warm them up before I could take clear photos.

We got back from the temple around 8am as it had already become horribly hot. We are going to eat breakfast, take a nap and head back out to explore another part of the complex at about 4pm when the sun is past its peak.

post script, we did so and here is a sample shot from Bayon...





















Siem Reap is a very nice town and much of what we have seen seems brand new. With a site such as Angkor Wat five miles away it is not hard to see why. Still, they seem to have undertaken this growth with a bit more of a master plan than the Thais did on Koh Samui, and it shows. I am certain the the influence of the UN (in naming Angkor Wat a World Heritage Site) is partly repsonsible for this.

Still, there are far more poor people and beggars here than in Thailand, which is reflective of the relative wealth of both countries. Cambodia is still desperately poor and striving to recover from the bloodbath the Khmer Rouge inflicted on the country. Unfortunately their legacy is still felt by the millions of unexploded land mines littering the country.

When we went to the old market to eat last night I held my money in my fist. I know that the kids would have picked my pockets clean if I'd left the money there. I have a feeling that Saigon is going to be much the same, but with less of the cleanliness and planning involved. Like the worst possible combination of Bangkok and Cambodia. We shall see.

Honestly, I can't blame them. People don't seem to be going hungry here, but that could just be because tourists are not allowed to see it. A dollar to them (and U.S. dollars are the accepted currency) probably feeds them for days. The Khmer meal we had last night where we had four different dishes, rice, an appetizer of spring rolls, four Tiger beers and a large bottle of water cost us $13.50. That would probably feed a family here for a couple of weeks, and we considered it to be laughably cheap for the quality of the food we ate. Perspective can be everything sometimes

I plan on offloading a few dollars to night just to salve my conscience a bit. If that means I eat ramen in Japan a bit more than I planned than so be it.

The Face of Internet Porn (it's not pretty)

I sat here at Big John's a few hours ago checking my email. There was a Thai woman sitting to my left who at first glance was simply chatting with some friends. When I looked back I noticed that the chats were sex chat rooms and that she was presenting herself as a "hot single big breasted Thai woman." She had big breasts all right, because she was overweight. And she certainly wasn't pretty.

I offer this simply to show you the reality of internet porn. If you're chatting with some hottie, she isn't hot. She's a fat chick at an internet cafe in Bangkok trying to extract money from you in every way possible.

Back in Bangkok for a few days.

Back at Big John's in Bangkok. Thankfully my backpack was delivered here on the 29th. Thanks Air China. You didn't get me here at all and took a week to get my bag here. What a shitty airline. Everyone I talked to on the phone with them could have cared less if I had my bag or not. I think the young man at Bangkok International Airport who tracked down my bag for me. Once again the Thai desire to insure that their visitors have a good time comes through.

Tomorrow or Sunday we are off to Angkor Wat in Cambodia. After than on to Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam (also known as Saigon.) Lucky for me that I came back a day earlier than my friends, because I was able to go to the Vietnamese Embassy and apply for my expidited Visa and pick it up today. If I'd come back today, I would not have had my visa until Tuesday because the embassy will be closed MOnday for some Vietnamese national holiday.

Had that been the case I'd have gone to Angkor Wat and then back to Koh Samui or Koh Tao for the week. Not that I'd have complained about that.

Tried to upload photos at Big John's but with no success. The computers are too slow, as is the internet connection. It looks like the upload will have to wait until Japan.

I visited the Grand Palace today and took upwards of 200 photographs, so I will soon be looking to move these over to DVD or disc. I will need to create some room on my SD cards very soon indeed.

I'll be meeting up with Matt and Jake at the Ambassador tomorrow so we can plot out our next week. At latest we will be headed out of Bangkok on Sunday for Angkor Wat. More later.